Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made an opportunity disclosure from a previously disposed of, debased Petri dish. The form that had polluted the trial ended up containing an amazing anti-microbial, penicillin. In any case, however Fleming was credited with the disclosure, it was longer than 10 years before another person transformed penicillin into the wonder tranquilize that has helped spare a huge number of lives. Messy Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital subsequent to having quite recently come back from a get-away at the Dhoon (his nation house) with his family. Before he had departed in the midst of a get-away, Fleming had heaped some of his Petri dishes to the side of the seat with the goal that Stuart R. Craddock could utilize his workbench while he was away. Once more from get-away, Fleming was figuring out the long unattended stacks to figure out which ones could be rescued. A considerable lot of the dishes had been tainted. Fleming put each of these in an ever-developing heap in a plate of Lysol. Searching for a Wonder Drug Quite a bit of Flemings work concentrated on the quest for a miracle tranquilize. In spite of the fact that the idea of microscopic organisms had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek previously depicted it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur affirmed that microorganisms caused maladies. In any case, however they had this information, nobody had at this point had the option to locate a substance that would execute destructive microscopic organisms yet additionally not hurt the human body. In 1922, Fleming made a significant revelation, lysozyme. While working with certain microbes, Flemings nose released, dropping some bodily fluid onto the dish. The microbes vanished. Fleming had found a characteristic substance found in tears and nasal bodily fluid that enables the body to battle germs. Fleming presently understood the chance of finding a substance that could eliminate microscopic organisms however not unfavorably influence the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while figuring out his heap of dishes, Flemings previous lab colleague, D. Merlin Pryce made a trip to visit with Fleming. Fleming accepted this open door to grumble about the measure of additional work he needed to do since Pryce had moved from his lab. To illustrate, Fleming scavenged through the enormous heap of plates he had put in the Lysol plate and pulled out a few that had remained securely over the Lysol. Had there not been such a significant number of, each would have been lowered in Lysol, executing the microscopic organisms to make the plates safe to spotless and afterward reuse. While getting one specific dish to show Pryce, Fleming saw something peculiar about it. While he had been away, a shape had developed on the dish. That in itself was not bizarre. Be that as it may, this specific shape appeared to have executed the Staphylococcus aureus that had been developing in the dish. Fleming understood that this form had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming went through a little while developing more form and attempting to decide the specific substance in the shape that slaughtered the microscopic organisms. In the wake of examining the shape with mycologist (form master) C. J. La Touche who had his office beneath Flemings, they decided the shape to be a Penicillium form. Fleming at that point called the dynamic antibacterial specialist in the form, penicillin. Be that as it may, where did the form originated from? In all likelihood, the form originated from La Touches room first floor. La Touche had been gathering a huge testing of molds for John Freeman, who was investigating asthma, and almost certainly, some glided up to Flemings lab. Fleming kept on running various analyses to decide the impact of the form on other unsafe microscopic organisms. Shockingly, the form slaughtered countless them. Fleming at that point ran further tests and saw the shape as non-harmful. Could this be the marvel tranquilize? To Fleming, it was most certainly not. In spite of the fact that he saw its latent capacity, Fleming was not a scientific expert and in this way couldn't disengage the dynamic antibacterial component, penicillin, and couldn't keep the component dynamic long enough to be utilized in people. In 1929, Fleming composed a paper on his discoveries, which didn't gather any logical intrigue. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two researchers at Oxford University were exploring promising activities in bacteriology that might be upgraded or proceeded with science. Australian Howard Florey and German evacuee Ernst Chain started working with penicillin. Utilizing new synthetic strategies, they had the option to deliver an earthy colored powder that saved its antibacterial force for longer than a couple of days. They tried different things with the powder and saw it as protected. Requiring the new medication promptly for the war front, large scale manufacturing began rapidly. The accessibility of penicillin during World War II spared numerous lives that in any case would have been lost because of bacterial contaminations in even minor injuries. Penicillin likewise rewarded diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Acknowledgment In spite of the fact that Fleming found penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable item. Despite the fact that both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and every one of them three (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were granted the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is as yet credited for finding penicillin.

College Education Is Essential In Todays Society :: essays research papers

School Education is Essential In Today's Society      In the present society an advanced degree is a basic piece of seeking after a vocation. While in school an individual can decide his qualities and shortcomings in whatever way he chooses to take throughout everyday life. An advanced degree is additionally the initial phase in acting naturally adequate and living without anyone else. School life moreover allows an individual to communicate his shrewd and imaginative capacities and to supplement the aptitudes that he learned in secondary school. City University will give me a remarkable chance to accomplish these objectives and to arrive at another level in my academic investigations.      In my life I intend to seek after a profession in the aviation field. To get a work in this field one needs an advanced degree and City University fits the bill. Its educational plan and achieved teachers will allow me to accomplish my objective. Every one of the free schools of the college framework is profoundly specific and specific to its own field of preparing. This will help candidates like me focus on my particular vocation way. I have visited the college grounds twice and each time I have been dazzled by the dedication of the workforce to guarantee that the understudy's instructive needs are met and outperformed. I see that the college is worried about the instructive prosperity of its understudies. This is exemplified by the plentiful coaching openings that the college offers. Not exclusively is the staff excellent, City University has amazing innovation.      City University is on the forefront of innovation which is irreplaceable in the aviation field. The EOS processing condition is a foundation for building a scaffold to what's to come. This framework will give me numerous chances to utilize its assets to strengthen my aptitudes while seeking after my occupation. Approaching a large number of PCs everywhere throughout the world, with the data I need readily available will impel me to a more significant level of scholarly inclination. The enormous number of PC groups accessible at the college empowers an understudy to arm himself with the information expected to help him

Language, Perception Diversity Richmond Writing

Language, Perception Diversity Richmond Writing In Genesis 11, the building of the Tower of Babel is represented as the result of human organization facilitated by a single language.   The tower itself is an ideal representation of written language: made of many small parts carefully assembled into a structure that encourages further construction and reveals complexity through an increasingly elevated perspective developed over time. In the Biblical story, Jehovahs fear is that humanity will be able to achieve whatever it imagines and this prompts him to prevent this by creating a confusion of many languages: Genesis 11:5- 9   And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one anothers speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. And we might think Jehovah was right. After all, look at what weve achieved without a single unifying language: from cuneiform to the Cassini-Huygens Mission, humanity has advanced through a shrinking galaxy of about 7000 languages. But it is a single, shared language that is represented in this story as the key to high human achievement and some believe this today. I used to believe in the deliberate promotion of English as the global language until a student essay took issue with my assertion and made a good argument against it. In a nutshell, my student noted that diversity of language is important for maintaining the broadest possible understanding of our world. He argued that if we had a single global language like the 1500-word Globish being promoted today, even if other languages were permitted, the dominant language would naturally drown out and eventually replace them. Diversity of linguistic expression may be as important for human knowledge as biological diversity is for promoting maximum health in an ecosystem. In The Wall Street Journal Lost in Translation by Lera Boroditsky reviews the question of linguistic diversity along with recent cognitive research that indicates a profound connection between language and perception. That our language shapes the way we understand the world seems obvious, but this tenet has been resisted and rejected over the years mostly, Boroditsky claims, due to the influence of Chomskys universal grammar theory which dismisses differences in languages as insignificant. Boroditskys article is full of interesting tidbits about linguistic differences such as various conceptions of space, time and causality that demonstrate how profoundly language can shape perception. To explore these differences can only expand our understanding, and so it behooves us to resist any homogenizing force that would eliminate or obscure them. One linguist who challenges Chomskys theory is Dan Everett whose work with the Brazilian Piraha is outlined in The Interpreter by John Colapinto in The New Yorker. Unlike our number-obsessed culture with its innumerable systems of measurement, the Piraha only have three quantity words: one, two and many. It only takes a moment to imagine the vast cultural differences we would experience with such a counting system. With a simple and loose one, two, many system of counting, we may have never been able to achieve the $35 laptop recently unveiled by the Indian government, but that may actually be a good thing. Such a heresy might need some extensive defense, so before Im tied to the stake the short version of my concern is this: the $35 laptop could easily be the same kind of homogenizing force that a single global language would, even if it is used with a variety of languages. As much as I love my Mac and spend hours online, using a computer is just one of many ways of knowing and it has its limits. The problems of homogenized thinking and experience are just one of several relevant ideas that Aldous Huxley explores in Brave New World where people are cloned, conditioned to hate reading, repeat simplistic slogans and fear nature and natural experience sound familiar? We can get a glimpse of his insight into the question in chapter 8 in a scene where John Savage is being taught by old Mitsima, an elder on the reservation: First of all, said Mitsima, taking a lump of wetted clay between his hands, we make a little moonSlowly and unskillfully he imitated the old mans delicate gesturesto fashion to give form, to feel his fingers gaining in skill and power this gave him an extraordinary pleasurethey worked all day, and the day was filled with an intense, absorbing happiness.

Analysis of UK McDonalds Sales Decline - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2190 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Report Level High school Topics: Fast Food Essay McDonalds Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The aim of this report is to analyse the current situation of McDonalds as an organisation in the UK market and to evaluate their current sales decline. The primary focus is to provide a detailed analysis of the organisation and its position in the UK market, developing a link between declining sales and the overall shift in consumer behaviour. The report initially provides an overview of McDonalds as an organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of UK McDonalds Sales Decline" essay for you Create order This is followed by a detailed evaluation of the firms current position in the market which links back to why sales are declining for the firm and what are the root causes for this in the business. This is followed by a recommendations section which develops a ground up strategy for the organisation to improve its performance in the UK market. McDonalds Overview McDonalds UK is part of the larger group called McDonalds, which operates in over 100 countries. The organisation reported a revenue of $33 billion in 2014 and has over 400,000 employees worldwide (McDonalds Annual Report, 2014). As an organisation the firm operates over 36,000 outlets which is more than any other retailer across the globe. Before moving on, it needs to be highlighted that while McDonalds operates with a global menu, the organisation also develops bespoke products for some of the markets based on demand in the region (BBC, 2014). McDonalds in the UK McDonalds is a well-known fast-food brand in the UK. It operates at over 3000 locations and has seen growth over the past 10 year (McDonalds Annual Report, 2014). However, recently, McDonalds across the globe and in the UK highlighted a consistent decline in sales. Millington (2014) states that McDonalds has reported a drop in sales by 4% in the UK, which highlight that the firm is not on the same growth path as it used to be. Similar article was published by Bold (2015) where the author highlighted that the growth pattern of McDonalds has stopped and the firm, for the first time in 45 years, is re-structuring due to a rapid decline in sales. This is critical for a firm that operates at a global scale, a 4% drop is effectively billions of dollars that the firm is unable to convert. Neilan (2014) states that from an earnings point of view the overall decline is GBP 3.8billion which is a significant number. The Cause of this Decline While the previous section clearly highlights a downward trend in McDonalds market share in the UK, it is important to examine the overall cause of why this is happening. Doyle and Stern (2006) state that the UK market is one of the most rapidly declining fast food industries in Europe. This indicates that there is a change in trend within the market that is impacting the fast food business the market. Research conducted by Long et al (2014) states that one of the major reasons as to why there is a sharp decline in fast food consumption is obesity. The core notion here is that over the past 8 years more cases of obesity have been reported by the NHS than that in over 50 years (Pieterman, 2015). This is critical as health services often term junk food as a cause of the obese society in the UK. McDonalds being one of the main suppliers of fast food is directly impacted by this change and stance by the NHS. The UK government has highlighted obesity as a high risk to individuals hea lth this was backed by the NHS (Nutrition and Food Science, 2012). This is one of the major factors that has impacted the McDonalds market share and declining sales. Another important aspect linked with the loss in revenue and sales is associated with the fact that there is a shift in consumer behaviour towards fast food. Bernhardt et al (2012) state that an average UK individual is now 4 times more conscious of what they are eating from a health point of view. This clearly highlights that users now tend to look for healthy food options, which has a direct impact on the sales and revenue of McDonalds. Hence consumer behaviour plays a vitally important role in the current position of McDonalds in the market. There is also a consumer shift that is focused away to healthier fast food chains. Bloomberg (2015) highlights that 4 out of 10 individuals that skip McDonalds move on to buy a Subway meal as they consider it a healthy alternate to McDonalds. Another important aspect that i s linked with the lack of sales is the inability of the firm to innovate and diversify. McDonald UKs menu has not changed over the past 50 years, and this has a direct impact on the buyers and how they perceive a firm from an innovation as well as a development point of view. While McDonalds strategy has worked over a period of time, it is clearly showing signs of its limitations with rapid decline in overall business revenue. Finally, another important aspect linked with the decline of McDonalds is negative promotions through social media. Kotler and Keller (2012) highlight that the advent of social media means free information flow across the market. Regardless of the authenticity of the data, information on social media has a direct impact on business sales. McDonalds is often termed as the fast food chain that only cares about revenue and not about consumer health, and social media has spread this aspect on a large scale. (Neilan, 2014) This therefore impacts the consumer buy ing behaviour and negatively impacts the sales of McDonalds in the UK market. All in all it is clear that the decline of the organisation in the UK is linked to the change in market conditions, consumer behaviour and a shift towards healthy living. It is also evident that McDonalds is highlighted as an organisation that is only working for its own good and hence its inability to innovate is clearly visible in the process. Recommendations, McDonalds The previous section of the report clearly highlighted multiple elements that need to be considered by McDonalds in order to improve its current situation in the UK market. Keeping the discussion in context, it is critical that viable recommendations for the business are developed in order to improve the sales performance of the organisation. In order to develop a new model and to improve the overall position of the organisation in the market, it is recommended that McDonalds launches a new product line called McDonalds Health! as discussed below. McDonalds Health: healthy Fast Food for the Masses! One of the primary reasons linked with the rapid decline in sales for the business is the perception and the overall type of food served by the business. This food is classified as unhealthy by various individuals and organisations. Keeping this in context, it is recommended that McDonalds starts a new product which is under the umbrella of the current organisation. The idea here would be to develop a unique product line focused on the healthy aspect of the market. Keeping this new product line a focused segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy is discussed in the table below. Segmentation McDonalds health will be segmented through the current geographical positions of McDonald fast food chains. The idea would be to start with the areas where sales have declined the most and launch the product line focused on geography as well as behavioural segmentation in order to target the most health conscious areas of the country. Targeting The target market for this new product line will be individuals that are health centric. The main driving force here would be behavioural targeting which impact the consumer buying behaviour significantly. The idea would be to develop a viable path to brand awareness through a focused target market consisting of individuals that look for healthy food. Positioning As it stands McDonalds is positioned at the affordable end of the market. This is often highlighted as one of the major USPs of the firm. However, McDonalds Health will be targeted at the mid-tier end of the market, which would effectively mean that the brand will be considered a premium option as opposed to McDonalds current offering. The STP analysis highlights that McDonalds health will effectively be a premium, health version of the current brand, with a menu that is based around the concept of having healthy fast food. After highlighting the STP strategy it is now important to define the overall promotional strategy of the new product line. Hooley et al (2012) state that promotion forms one of the most important components of developing a viable business footprint in the market. Two key aspects will be used to promote the new brand: Traditional awareness market campaigns will be launched to enhance the overall visibility of the brand in the market. The idea would be to move into different malls in the form of kiosks, which would offer free tasters and highlight key features. This, along with a collaboration with various health agencies to certify the product as healthy will be used to promote the product line across the country. The second core aspect that needs to be highlighted here is linked with the development of a social media marketing approach which builds around healthy living. The idea here would not be to promote the product line or the sub-brand, but to link with real world scenarios and push it on social media as a story. The call out for this campaign will be #mchealth which is linked directly with the newly launched product line. This approach would allow the organisation to develop a viable path to promote the firm offering and therefore enhance the overall standing of the organisation in the market. Keeping this in context, it is now important to develop the marketing mix for the business (product line) as shown in the table below: Product Place The new product line will include a menu consisting of heath centric options. The idea would be to have a product line that is not only effective but also has a positive impact on the brand itself. The pricing structure of the product line will be different from the current approach. This product line will be placed at the mid-tier end of the market, hence falling in the semi-premium range. Place Promotion The product line will be sold through normal McDonald locations. The idea would be to start off with a few locations and build a hype around this, before moving towards a wider audience. Promotionally the core aspects are promotions through both traditional and non-traditional means. This would mean the focus would be on social media as well as creating awareness through traditional means. The end goal of this re-launch, or upgrade to the brand, is to effectively provide consumers with an option. The first step towards the development of a sales enhancement model is about making sure that the consumer perception and the buying process is enabled for the new product lined. With a health centric approach the idea is to provide a viable path for the development of a shift in the consumer thought process towards McDonalds. Conclusion Overall the report provides and in-depth analysis of why McDonalds as a firm is witnessing a decline in its current market share. This highlights that the organisation due to its inability to cope with the changes in the market is unable to react to the changing consumer behaviour towards fast food chains. It is also clear from the analysis that the organisation needs to re-vamp its current position in the market in order to develop a viable footprint. To do this it is recommended that a health centric product line is launched which would allow the organisation to focus on the shifting trends in the market. Coupled with effective marketing, McDonalds UK should be able to steer its sales back to the required position. References BBC (2015) McDonalds global sales continue to decline, Available from: Bernhardt,M. Mays,D. and Hall,A (2012) Social marketing at the right place and right time with new media, Journal of Social Marketing, Vol. 2 Iss: 2, pp.130 137 Bloomberg (2015) McDonalds US to shrink for the first time in 45 years, Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11797531/McDonalds-US-to-shrink-for-the-first-time-in-45-years.html Bold, V. (2015) McDonalds reports falling global sales, with performance partly buoyed by UK, Available from: https://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1330795/mcdonalds-reports-falling-global-sales-performance-partly-buoyed-uk Clive Long , Arleen Rowell , Anita Gayton , Elizabeth Hodgson , Olga Dolley , (2014) Tackling obesity and its complications in secure settings, Mental Health Review Journal, Vol. 19 Iss: 1, pp.37 46 Doyle,P. Stern,P. (2006), Marketing Management and Strategy, Harlow: Prentice Hall, Hooley, G. Piercy,N.F. Nicoulaud,B. (2012) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, Harlow: FT Prentice-Hall Kotler,P. Keller K. L. (2012), Marketing Management,14th Edn London: Prentice Hall McDonalds Annualreport (2014) Available from: https://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/McDonalds%202014%20Annual%20Report.PDF Millington, A. (2014) McDonalds looks to pared-back UK menu to arrest global sales decline, Available from: https://www.marketingweek.com/2014/12/11/mcdonalds-looks-to-pared-back-uk-menu-to-arrest-global-sales-decline/ Neilan, C. (2014) McDonalds to restructure after significant decline in sales, Available from: https://www.cityam.com/1413895152/mcdonalds-review-and-restructure-after-significant-decline-sales Nurtrition and Food Science (2012) Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention, Nutrition Food Science, Vol. 42 Iss: 6, pp.458 458 Roel Pieterman (2015), Obesity as Disease and Deviance: Risk and Morality in Early 21st Century, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol.44 Iss:1, pp.117 138

Social Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status

Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Why do we have social class in our societies? For what purpose does social class, even exist? From India, to the United States, many different societies have different social classes and systems. So why does social class and system differ from place to place? These are some essential questions that need to be answered. Amazingly, the Caste System in India has been around for thousands of years. The caste system places you in a social class with specific duties you must perform. Secondly, the system places you in the social class of your parents. In the Caste System, it is expected of individuals to fulfill their Dharma. Dharma is the religious and moral law†¦show more content†¦They are the second highest ranking caste. Third, the Vaisyas, who are farmers or merchants. Fourth, the Sudras, who are the workers. Lastly, are the â€Å"Untouchables† who are born outside and under the caste system. The â€Å"Untouchables†(Dalits) are street sweepers, and latrine cleaners. To keep in mind, depending on village or city life, the importance of caste may differ, and some caste customs such as carrying on family occupations, following caste rules, may not be as important. Intrestingly, Brahmins can have many occupations other than being a priest, but no one from a lower caste can become a priest(without some opposition). Many Brahmins own land and practice agriculture. In addition, Brahmins have always taken part in political matters. The first Prime Minister of India, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, was a Brahmin, and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century. The Brahmins are mostly strict vegetarians, though in some areas it is normal to eat meat. Their diets consist of rice, maize, wheat, milk, vegetables, fruit, and lentils. Kshatriyas, are the class of those who descended from warriors, who were in the service of princes and rulers. Kshatriyas today are mostly landowners, or follow other modern professions. People who own a large amount of land are often Kshatriya. Though high ranking in caste, Kshatriyas commonly eat meat, and can have alcoholic drinks, while Brahmins are unable to do either. Although,

John B Watson Free Essays

Abstract This paper explores the life and achievements of John Broadus Watson. He was a famous psychologist known as the Father of Behaviorism. Watson was best known for his views and theories known as behaviorism. We will write a custom essay sample on John B Watson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Watson is also known for comparative and experimental psychology, and perhaps his most famous experiment, the Little Albert Experiment. On February 24, 1913, he delivered a famous lecture that is believed to be the birth of behaviorism. Watson’s experiments and publications made major impacts on the world of psychology, changing the views and ideas of not only psychologist worldwide, but as well as the people of the world. Many of Watson’s concepts and methods of conditioning and behavioral modification are still used by psychologist today. Throughout the history of psychology, there have been many influential psychologists. Each of these psychologists left their own individual and unique mark in psychology and the world in general. A psychologist is clinically defined as a person who studies the mind and behavior and specializes in diagnosing and using â€Å"talk therapy† in treating emotional disturbances, mental illnesses, and behavioral problems. One of the many influential psychologists in American psychology is John B. Watson, Father of Behaviorism. Watson is best known for his life, behaviorism, career achievements and Little Albert Experiment. John Watson was born January 9, 1878, in South Carolina to Emma and Pickens Watson. His mother, Emma, was a very religious person; however, his father did not share these same general views of life. Pickens was an alcoholic and participated in extra marital affairs. He left in 1891, Watson was 13 years old. Watson was determined to follow in his father’s unruly footsteps, became rebellious and even violent at times. Watson claimed to be a poor and disorderly student; nevertheless he entered Furman University at the age of 16. Five years later he received his masters and continued to further his education. Watson entered the University of Chicago seeking a doctorate in psychology and philosophy. During his studies here, me met and married his first wife Mary Ikes. The two had two children during their marriage, John and Mary. Watson graduated from the University of Chicago in 1903, receiving his PhD in psychology. Five years later Watson was selected to be the professor of comparative and experimental psychology at John Hopkins University. Just as his father, Watson too participated in extra martial affairs. While teaching at John Hopkins, he met Rosalie Rayner. It wasn’t long that John and Mary divorced and Rayner and Watson were wed. Together they had two children, William and James. It was also at John Hopkins University where Watson formed his views, ideas and theories that would later become known as branch of psychology known as behaviorism. Watson specifically outlined his view of behaviorism during his lecture on February 24, 1913, at John Hopkins. This is said to be the day behaviorism was born. This lecture also became known as one of psychology’s most famous lectures. Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to ge t a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist’s total scheme of investigation. p. 158]† Rather emphasizing on the internal mental state of a person, Watson put his emphases on the external behavior and reaction to the given situation. Watson believed that evaluating reactions and external behaviors of a person was the only true way to receive insight of human actions. These new ideas became known as the behaviorists theory. Another example of Watsons stand point on behaviorism can be felt through his article in the Psychological Review, Watson stated, Behaviorism †¦ holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist †¦ holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic†¦. The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery – it wants to believe in magic†¦. Almost every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician. Moses had his magic: he smote the rock and water gushed out. Christ had his magic: he turned water into wine and raised the dead to life†¦. The extent to which most of us are shot through with a savage background is almost unbelievable†¦. One example of such a religious concept is that every individual has a soul which is separate and distinct from the body†¦. No one has ever touched a soul, or seen one in a test tube, or has in any way come into relationship with it as he has with the other objects of his daily experience †¦. The behaviorist asks: Why don’t we make what we can observe the real field of psychology? Let us limit ourselves to things that can be observed, and formulate laws concerning only those things. Now what can we observe? We can observe behavior – what the organism does or says. And let us point out at once: that saying is doing – that is, behaving†¦. The rule, or measuring rod, which the behaviorist puts in front of him always is: Can I describe this bit of behavior I see in terms of â€Å"stimulus and response†? By stimulus we mean any object in the general environment or any change in the tissues themselves due to the physiological condition of the animal, such as the change we get when we keep an animal from sex activity, when we keep it from feeding, when we keep it from building a nest. By response we mean anything the animal does – such as turning toward or away from a light, jumping at a sound, and more highly organized activities such as building a skyscraper, drawing plans, having babies, writing books, and the like †¦. The interest of the behaviorist in man’s doings is more than the interest of the spectator – he wants to control man’s reactions as physical scientists want to control and manipulate other natural phenomena. It is the business of behavioristic psychology to be able to predict and to control human activity †¦. Why do people behave as they do – how can I, as a behaviorist, working in the interests of science, get individuals to behave differently today from the way they acted yesterday? How far can we modify behavior by training (conditioning)? These are some of the major problems of behavioristic psychology. Watsons early studies were of animal behavior, he later changed to human subjects. Watson wanted to develop a method to â€Å"condition and control the emotions of human subjects. This famous study became known as the Little Albert Experiment. This case study gained information from classical conditioning in humans. Watson, along with his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, observed an eight month old boy, known as â€Å"Little Albert,† reactions as he was introduced to different stimuli. Among these stimuli were a white rabbit, a rat, a monkey, burning papers and a mask. In the beginning â€Å"Little Albert† showed no behavioral changes. Next time he placed the rat in front of the young boy, Watson produced a loud sound, and naturally â€Å"Little Albert† began to cry. Each time â€Å"Little Albert† was exposed to the rat from then on, Watson received the same reaction, crying. Watson (1920) â€Å"The instant the rat was shown, the baby began to cry. Almost instantly he turned sharply to the left, fell over on [his] left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table. [p. 1-14]† Watson and Rayner, discovered that classical conditioning could be used to created phobias. Watson’s focus on the study of children, began in the The Century of the Child, this referred to the 20th century movement. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select–doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. † From the book Watson wrote, Psychological Care of Infant and Child, with the assistance of Rayner. Watson’s argument was, â€Å"not more babies but better brought up babies. † He argued the nurture side of the nurture versus nature debate. Watson’s second wife, Rosalie Rayner, died in 1935, at the age of 35. The two were married for fourteen years. During their marriage, they gave birth to two children, James and William. After Rayners death, Watson remained on their farm in Connecticut. In 1957, Watson received a Gold Medal from the American Psychological Association, for all his contributions to psychology. One year later, on September 25 1958, Watson passed away at the age of 80. John Broadus Watson was a renowned psychologist that made many contributions to psychology. Among these contributions were the branch of psychology known has and the Little Albert Experiment, along with many other publications and lectures. After the Little Albert Experiment, behaviorism became widely accepted by psychologist and the general public. Watson’s radical views and theories forever changed psychology. . References Watson, E. (1999). John B. Watson (1878-1958). Retrieved October 20, 2012 from http://www. muskingum. edu/~psych/psycweb/history/watson. htm#Bibliography (1999). Little Albert Experiment. Retrieved October 20, 2012 from http://www. absoluteastronomy. com/topics/Little_Albert_experiment (1999). Behaviorism in Watson’s Own Words. Retrieved October 18 2012 from http://www. sntp. net/behaviorism. htm Taken from Blumenfeld, S. L. (January 1, 1984) NEA: Trojan horse in American psychology chapter 9 Cherry, K. (2012). The Little Albert Experiment: A closer look at the famous case of Little Albert. Retrieved October 16, 2012 from http://psychology. about. com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albertexperiment. htm Cherry, K. (2012). John Watson Biography (1878-1958). Retrieved October 16, 2012 from http://psychology. bout. com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/watson. htm Watson, J. B. ; Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1, pp. 1–14. Retrieved October 14, 2012 from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Watson/emotion. htm Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as a behaviorist views it. First published in Psychological Review, 20, 158-177. Retrieved October 14, 2012 from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Watson/views. htm Wozniak, R. H. (1997) Behaviorism: The early years. Retrieved October 14, 2012 from http://www. brynmawr. edu/psychology/rwozniak/behaviorism. html How to cite John B Watson, Essay examples

The Relationship Between Proctor and Elizabeth free essay sample

In Arthur Millers The Crucible the relationship between Proctor and Elizabeth gradually improves throughout the play. At the beginning they are both extremely separate both physically and mentally. However the relationship in Act two starts to develop as Elizabeth rediscovers her love for him that, in my opinion, has always been there. This then grows even further in Act four when Proctor and Elizabeths relationship finally connects and their love is a lot more intense and passionate. By the end of the play both characters learn to forgive each other and are forgiven hemselves as well as rediscovering the love they had between themselves they thought they lost. Act 2 Paragraph 1. In Act two Miller implies how cold Elizabeth can be towards Proctor. We are shown this when she states Do as you wish, then 1. Shows she is being extremely blunt. 2. She hasnt forgiven him yet therefore putting relationship and passion on hold. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Proctor and Elizabeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Feels like Proctor will not listen to her opinion anyw. ays. We are also shown her cold act towards Proctor in some of the stage directions when Proctor kisses her and she doesnt kiss him back. She receives it 1 . Shows the love isnt there at the moment(hidden) 2. EP doesnt kiss him back powerful message 3. Shows that the affair has make a massive impact( stopped the love) 4. She is still so upset because she loves him. Paragraph 2 Miller also uses symbolism frequently in Act two to develop the couples relationship. We are shown this in the stage directions when Miller shows us Proctors actions. Then he lifts out the ladle and tastes. He is not quite pleased The soup represents the relationship and how it is bland (-he is bored, wants some excitement added). (LINK) We are then shown Proctor adding some salt to the pot conveying him deducting the boredom away from his relationship. He reaches to the cupboard , takes a pinch of salt, and drops it into the pot. 1 . Abby and the affair represents the salt he adds. 2. He feels deprived from fun and excitement wants something new. LINK) Miller then follows on to state that Proctor Washes his hands and face 1 . The soup he handled is representing the relationship- he added salt(excitement eg. Abby) but still loves Elizabeth so doesnt want to leave her so tries to remove the proof. 2. Proctor washing handsface †washing proof of the affair off himself. Paragraph 3 Here Miller uses their positioning on stage to show the awkwardness between the ouple however it also represents the love that was always between Proctor and Elizabeth. He eats. She watches him 1 . Shows how awkward the relationship is because of the fact that she is watching his every move- no trust. 2. She is also not eating with him. (serving him) Shows the separation between them. (link with symbolism.. separation is shown by the different eating arrangements) 3. The tact at li tn E zabetn is watching ner husband snows the longing she nas towards him-) This could suggest that Elizabeth in fact always loved him deep down. This links in with the second quote He turns to her and watches her 1 . This also conveys the longing he has towards EP. 2. Both of them want each other and they are always looking at each other when they arent aware. -( shows that they dont have trust back yet they want each other. This suggests the love theyVe always had is there but hidden amongst broken pieces in the relationship). Act 3 Paragraph 1 Here Miller uses Act three to link the growing relationship between the couple from Act two to Act four. We are shown that Elizabeth has started to rediscover her love for Proctor as she protects him at the price of putting her name into dishonour, damning herself to hell ,as they believed.

Big Data free essay sample

These data stores can be extremely valuable, but can also be equally as expensive, creating both problems and opportunities for those data owners. I believe that having vast amounts of data is more beneficial than it is harmful. Data is used in many ways and for many things. The benefits of having this data are evident in companies such as Google, Facebook, and even with the federal government. Their success in business comes from having the capability to store and access great amounts of data quickly and efficiently. This comes from the right combination of hardware, process, governance, and application. Knowing what data to gather, how to utilize it, and having the equipment and technology to utilize it appropriately puts these businesses and others like them, ahead of the game. Companies that cannot gather the data and handle it appropriately, tend to fall by the wayside in this information and information technology driven world we live in today. We will write a custom essay sample on Big Data or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having vast stores of data can be overwhelming when it isn’t managed and utilized appropriately. However, when it is, that data can enable the owner to have the advantage over its competitors. Data is used for market analysis, streamlining business processes and functions, and much more. If you know what data is valuable, and how to utilize it, the more data you have the more of an advantage you have as well. As George Shen stated in his article on business intelligence and business analytics, â€Å"the big data era introduced an astronomical amount of data, the wealth of information that companies can potentially unlock and the depth and breadth in which organizations can perform analysis, enable technology and apply analytical methods of the 21st century† (Shen, 2011). It’s not a race to see who can gather the most data, but it is a race to see who can gather the most useful data, and use it the best. As Shen pointed out, this data presented opportunities to companies that would otherwise be impossible for them. Simply the amount of knowledge that can be gathered about their consumers in a short amount of time would have taken so long to gather that the analysis would no longer be valid, if it was possible to gather that information at all. Their shopping habits, their entertainment interest, and so much more, all gathered within minutes of them utilizing a search engine. Not all data is equally as valuable, so making the right decisions as to what data to keep and what data to purge through prioritization is paramount. Gathering, storing, and utilizing data can be quite expensive, particularly with very large amounts of data. That data must also be secured, which can also be costly. There are several different solutions for data storage, and those solutions can either be in house or cloud storage. Choosing the right data storage and processing solutions is just as important as the data itself. While cloud solutions tend to cost less, they are also less secure and less robust than available in house solutions. â€Å"This is why the primary hope for securely storing critical information should and must lie with technologies that increase capacity and access times without requiring that the data leave the enterprise†; also suggesting that prioritizing data, using a cloud solution for less valuable data, might be beneficial when the decisions are made wise about the prioritization† (Trembly, 2010). With the right prioritization, data that is stored, processed, and secured appropriately can be invaluable to a company and its success. The more of this valuable data there is, the better a business analysis can be. Although these mass amounts of data can be beneficial, it can also be very damaging to business. The hardware and manpower required to manage large amounts of data is not cheap. A company can easily find themselves in a situation where they are paying to store data that is not offering any benefit to business or to business strategy. Those situations can easily consume a huge portion of an IT department’s budget, and leave gaps in other places where the money could be more wisely spent, such as security. Not only is it expensive to store and manage mass amounts of data, but storing the wrong data can also slow other processes down. Applications and processes that require the use of stored data have a slower response time because it takes longer to process through data that is not relevant. Time is a critical factor in IT, particularly when it comes to maintaining a competitive advantage. Too much data can also cause issues with the reports being generated from the data stores. â€Å"The rich lode of Web data, experts warn, has its perils. Its sheer volume can easily overwhelm statistical models. Statisticians also caution that strong correlations of data do not necessarily prove a cause-and-effect link† (Lohr, 2009). If the wrong or irrelevant data is being reported, it can skew the information provided in reports, and in turn cause decisions to be made based on inaccurate information. Many people view cloud computing as a way to minimize the issues that come with big data. Cloud computing can offer other benefits such as web based access to the data by customers through application, making the process of recalling information from databases storing larger amounts of data more expedient. Unfortunately, even cloud computing, at a reduced cost than in house data storage, comes with its own issues when it comes to big data. â€Å"Yet despite advances in capacity and access speed, the flood of data today threatens to overwhelm our ability to control it. And the more we trust the Internet to help with storage needs, the less control we have and the more risk we take† (Trembly, 2010). When relying on cloud computing to resolve big data issues, the security of the data is then also reliant upon the service provider of the cloud. With data being so valuable to business, losing control due to overwhelming quantities, or handing over control to an outside storage and service provider can have some terrible consequences. Even though there are solutions to dealing with the issues related to big data, they come with inherent risk that may simply not be worth the possible cost. Regardless of the possible negatives associated with big data, it is undeniable that the benefits of it are tremendous when managed appropriately. Our accessibility to data has increased exponentially, and with it, so have the opportunities associated with it. It is the size of the data sets on the Web that opens new worlds of discovery† (Lohr, 2009). Businesses can gather and access data that can mean the difference between success and failure, between remaining competitive or becoming irrelevant. The key is to manage big data effectively, alleviating excesses, and utilizing it appropriately. Big data is a benefit, so long as it can b e managed and not be overwhelming. Works Cited Shen, G. (2011). Unplugged: the disconnect of intelligence and analytics. Information Management, 21(1), 14. Retrieved on November 28, 2012, from http://www. information-management. com/issues/21_1/unplugged-10019478-1. html Trembly, A. C. (2010). The problem with data storage: way too much information. Information Management. Retrieved on November 28, 2012, from http://www. information-management. com/news/data_storage-10016887-1. html Lohr, S. (2009). For todays graduate, just one word: statistics. NYTimes. com. Retrieved on November 28, 2012, from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/06/technology/06stats. html? _r=2amp;em

Secrets - Ladybug, Ladybud... essays

Secrets - Ladybug, Ladybud... essays Sometimes in life, if you do not tell the truth or if you withhold information it causes a lot more grief than if you had just been honest. These secrets are destroying relationships everywhere. In Ladybug, Ladybug... the secrets kept between characters causes them to come close to losing one another. Without allowing people to become close or neglecting to tell them of important information about yourself you will lead yourself to destruction. In W.O. Mitchell's Ladybug, Ladybug... secrets are destructive as demonstrated through Nadya and Lyon's secrets and also through life assessing images. The worst kind of secret is one in which you withhold information that could potentially save a person's life. Nadya's secret is one of this nature. She neglects to tell her employer, and newfound friend, about her ex-lover who had been stalking her. She also keeps this from her young daughter who should be more cautious with strangers. The problem grows when Nadya becomes worried about her ex-lover and keeping him a secret to the point of ignoring and not paying attention to her child. This causes the child to be distraught and unaware of things around her. As Lyon, her new friend, notices the tension and questions Nadya about what had happened, why she was upset, she replies, "I ran across someone out there, a guy. Somebody I'd just as soon I hadn't run across. That's all. No big deal" (p. 80). Being unaware of the dangers, Lyon does not pay close enough attention to the child either, considering the extra attention needed now to keep away from harm. In fact, while at the park with the child he falls asleep on the park bench. "Maybe he ought to join her now. No. This time the round-about had really taken it out of him, and it was lovely here with that spring sun so kind on his eyelids" (p. 208). Through this unconcern for the child, she falls into the hands of her kidnappe ...

Development Of African Historiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Development Of African Historiography - Essay Example The historians, mostly hailing from European nations, who relied on material and tangible discoveries as the only sources of information about the early life of any culture, classified the world into â€Å"civilizations† based on an inappropriate definition of the term referring only to societies that left evidences of complex social and cultural systems with a centralized authority that controlled labor, wealth, military forces and commissioned the construction of cities and towns and other public buildings, as well as works of ‘monumental’ art. (Ehret)This approach led to a distinction between different cultures around the world on the basis of intelligence that was measured mostly from written texts that could be translated and could provide a vision into the life of the early people, dismissing the rest of the world as ‘uncivilized’ and ‘unintelligent’ (Ehret) Such attitudes assisted the slave traders in undermining the humanity of the African people, looking down upon their traditional values as ‘primitive’, their ethnic communities as ‘tribes’, their nation as a ‘race’. (Ehret 4-9)These terms though originally meaning nothing degrading have come to be associated with ideas denoting a distinction from what is considered to be ordinary and accepted in a ‘civilized’ society and consequently such dismissals prevented the historians of that time to investigate events that accounted for African history. Thus the rich cultural life of a huge percentage of the population of the world has been left undiscovered due to the limiting beliefs and predetermined superiority of smaller class. Historians today, however, have understood the implications of such an error and have made efforts to develop unique research methodologies for investigating past events through mainly Oral Tradition and Archeology as well as other interesting sources such as genetics, linguistics, and botany.

Mental Causation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mental Causation - Essay Example The problem of mental causation is one that has been described to be an intuitive one, focusing on the possibility that mental events cause physical events and physical events cause mental events. The major problem put forward by mental causation has to do with how mental events have causal effects on physical events, given the fact that the body, which is responsible for physical events is deemed to be independent of the mind. The main issue with mental causation has to do with a non-correspondence in explanation that seems to underline the understanding that the body is only physical and material. This is because if the body is only physical and material, then it should be controlled only by physical and material motivations for the body to act. For example, a person should decide to buy a certain color of a shoe because the leg has the material urge to wear that shoe. But once the problem of mental causation is brought into the argument, a new position is taken that it is possible for the mind, rather than the leg to be the source of motivation as to why a person would want to buy the said color of the shoe. This makes the problem of mental causation a highly dualistic situation, whereby the mind and the body are seen to relate together and affect each other.The whole problem of mental causation has been claimed by some to be a dualist philosophy rather than a generalized philosophy of mind. This is because as the name implies, dualism takes the position that the mind and the body are not identical.

Human Physiology and Anatomy Write Up

Human Physiology and Anatomy Write Up In the practical the systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured, heart and respiration rate, tidal volume, minute volume and % gas analysis at rest and immediately after a short period of exercise will also measured. The respiratory volumes will be measured by collecting expired air in a Douglas bag via a mouthpiece and a valve. Definitions Of Key Terms Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm) which can vary as the bodys need for oxygen changes, such as during exercise or sleep.- Web definition Wikipedia Systole the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Diastole the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood.- Web definition Wikipedia Blood pressure (BP) is a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.- Web definition Wikipedia Respiratory rate (RR) is the number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takes within a certain amount of time.- Web definition Word Net Web Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration when extra effort is not applied. Typical values are around 500ml or 7ml/kg bodyweight.- Web definition Wikipedia Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a persons lungs in one minute.- Web definition Word Net Web Factors that were taken into consideration when working with a human subject, is health factors, is the person physically fit to stand the exercise. Mental stamina if the subject can withstand the pressures of lengthily exercises. Method: Ask a demonstrator to check that the Douglas bag is correctly connected to a mouthpiece, valve and three-way tap. Once seated comfortably on a bike, the subject should put on a nose clip, then breathe through the mouthpiece with the three-way tap open to the atmosphere for a short period for acclimatisation (Question why is this?). The tap should then be opened to the Douglas bag for five minutes during which time one observer measures the respiration rate using a stop watch and another observer obtains values for resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures as directed by the demonstrator. At the same time, another group member estimates the heart rate every 60 seconds. At the end of the 5 minute period the three-way tap is closed. The subject is now connected to a second Douglas Bag and using the bicycle ergometer provided, the subject should exercise for five minutes. NB, this should be light exercise only. As the subject exercises recorded the heart rate every 60 seconds as before. As soon as possible after the subject has stopped exercising the expired air should be collected in a Douglas bag (as above) but for only one minute, and measures of respiration rate and heart rate should be made for 5 minutes. Record blood pressures. Take a gas sample from each bag used and measure the volume of expired gases in each bag (a demonstrator will assist you). Gas samples should be analysed for % oxygen and carbon dioxide. You will be provided with % oxygen and carbon dioxide values for inspired room air. Using the method above, none of the format was changed. Dissuasion: In upright exercise with all factors remaining equal, systolic blood pressure slowly amplifies while diastolic blood pressure remains the same. Diastolic pressure may even decrease due to vasodilation, or the slight variation of blood vessels caused by the heart pumping harder to spread more oxygen throughout the body. Diastolic blood pressure is the extended at base blood pressure, when pressure is weakest, and systolic shows pressure at peak times, when heartbeats force blood through the veins. Since systolic pressure is unswervingly associated to how the heart functions, it is affected the most by exercise. However, since the type of exercise and the amount will force a change on the bodys blood pressure. Dynamic, or aerobic, exercise, will affect blood pressure another way from static exercises. Characteristically during exercise heart rate will increase, this is in direct to increase blood flow to the functioning muscles to allow for amplified respiration in order for the muscles to work well. Therefore the more exhausting the exercise, the more your heart rate will increase. Blood pressure will also increase during exercise and again depends on strength levels. During exercise such as running/cycling/swimming systolic pressure will raise steadily whereas diastolic pressure will increase only somewhat. Exercise in healthy people can lead to, arterial CO2 levels rise slightly with light, moderate, medium and sub-maximum exercise strength levels regardless of the route of breathing during exercise. Since CO2 is the influential vasodilation agent, total arteries and arterioles improve blood and O2 delivery to all vital organs of the human body, including the heart and brain. Vasodilation guarantees aerobic respiration in body cells making it likely for healthy people to benefit from aerobic exercise without any key problems associated to tissue hypoxia causing too elevated blood lactate, muscle spasms, injuries, low recovery rates, volatility, stress, poor sleep. Looking at the Graphs on the separate page, there seems to be no large variations in the data. As graph one show shows a nice trend, that when the subject is resting there heart rate is a normal pace, as they started exercising the rate slowly goes up, and as the subject begins to get into the recovery period, the subjects heart rates starts to settle down. Graph two and three show that O2 and CO2 levels in a subject that has been exercising. Referencing: Wiki Answers (Unknown) What Happens To Your Heart Rate And Blood Pressure- [Online]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_to_your_heart_rate_and_blood_pressure_during_light_exercise#ixzz1Fjg4LKbJ [Accessed: 01 March 2011] eHow.com (2003) How Does Blood Pressure Change During Exercise? [Online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5163258_blood-pressure-change-during-exercise.html#ixzz1FjfoHxac [Accessed: 01 March 2011] Normal Breathing (Unknown) Effects Of Exercising On The Respiratory System , [Online]. Available from: http://www.normalbreathing.com/c-effects-of-exercise-on-the-respiratory-system.php [Accessed: 03 March 2011]

Executive Summaries Essay

The executive summary is usually no longer than 10% of the original document. It can be anywhere from 1-10 pages long, depending on the report’s length. Executive summaries are written literally for an executive who most likely DOES NOT have the time to read the original. †¢Executive summaries make a recommendation †¢Accuracy is essential because decisions will be made based on your summary by people who have not read the original †¢Executive summaries frequently summarize more than one document Types of Summaries Summaries written in order to recommend a specific course of action are executive summaries. Summaries that highlight the major points of a long piece are called abstracts. The purpose of an abstract is to allow readers to decide whether or not they want to read the longer text. View our Writing Guide about Abstracts Standard summary only refers to a summary of someone else’s published work and is written for a variety of purposes. View our Writing Guide about Standard Summaries Processes for Writing an Executive Summary Executive summaries are typically written for longer reports. They should not be written until after your report is finished. Before writing your summary, try: †¢Summarizing the major sections of your report. You might even copy text from your report into the summary and then edit it down. †¢Talking aloud or even tape recording yourself summarizing sections of your report. Questions to Ask Yourself as You Write †¢What is your report about? †¢Why is it important? †¢What is included in the report? †¢What is included in each section? Concise Statement As a cover sheet to your document, an executive summary need not go into ANY mention of how you conducted your analysis and/or what you’re basing your conclusion on. Instead, begin with a concise statement of the conclusion you reached after conducting your analysis and/or research is the paper that will be attached. For example, after a comparison of what other schools like CSU do about personal calls for faculty, you conclude that the CSU is charging for calls most other institutions do not. How you word the conclusion will differ depending on your audience and what they care most about. The following examples illustrate how the wording must change given an audience’s needs. Example One Colorado State should discontinue the practice of charging faculty for personal calls. This is a good example if the people you work for are only interested in this issue. It begins with a summary of conclusions regarding only the CSU population. Example Two Because I have found that over 75% of comparable institutions do not charge for personal calls, I have concluded that our faculty is justified in objecting to this practice which should be seen as a â€Å"perk† for our faculty. This sentence provides unnecessary information about other institutions and/or why the faculty think they deserve to have these calls paid for. Your readers can get that information from the report. Further, the use of â€Å"I† is unnecessary since your readers already know who wrote the report. Writing Recommendations After beginning with a summary statement of your findings, the executive summary should go on to provide a specific recommendation for action geared toward your audience. For example, the report on charging for personal calls was requested by the president’s office, not the individual departments and colleges who actually determine policy. As a result, the recommendation for action is geared toward what the president’s office should do, not the other departments involved. To learn more about writing recommendations: After summarizing the entire article and/or research report(s), an executive  summary ends with a one or two line recommendation for action. Simple Formula Executive summaries frequently make use of transitional phrases to encapsulate the preceding information in the same sentence as the recommendation. The format can almost be envisioned as a formula: [transitional word] + [concise statement of information provided in summary], I recommend that [corporation, office, person in question] do [recommendations]. More Complex Recommendations In other cases, the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the recommendation. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the recommendation. Example Susie’s Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same â€Å"mall-concept† marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susie’s Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susie’s quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars. The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debt burden on Susie’s cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susie’s Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susie’s Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Field’s does not participate in the hostile takeover  under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Justification Finally, an executive summary provides an analysis and/or justification for the proposed action in terms the audience will consider important. In many cases, this might involve a monetary analysis as in the example to the right, but actions can be justified many ways, depending on the concerns of the audience and the topic of the report (e.g. for CSU these might include increase in student learning, better relationship with the community, etc.). justification for the recommendation by referring to information summarized. A recommendationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s justification is usually based on a reference to material already provided in the summary. In other cases, the justification for the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the justification. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the conclusion that leads to the justification. Example Justification Based on the current number and length of long-distance personal calls by faculty, such a proposal would cost the university $150,000 annually. In comparison to the overall budget, this is a small amount, but one which might â€Å"pay for itself† in terms of faculty satisfaction and possible recruitment benefits. Example Susie’s Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same â€Å"mall-concept† marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susie’s Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susie’s quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars. The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debt  burden on Susie’s cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susie’s Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susie’s Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Field’s does not participate in the hostile takeover under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Example Executive Summary The Mountain Resort charges below average rental rates. (concise statement of findings) The attached report recommends a 20% increase in price for the following equipment: 1. downhill skis, 2. telemark skis, 3. boots/shoes for downhill, telemark, and cross-country skis. (specific recommendation for action) Based on average rental business for 1992-1995, these increases would generate an annual rental profit for Mountainview of $750,000. This figure represents an overall gain of $150,000 over current rental profits.(justification for proposed action) Additional Resources Other Writing Guides are available to help you write executive summaries. Choose any of the following for more information: †¢Purpose †¢Audience †¢Organization

Psychology’s Classical Theorists Essay

In the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, developed three distinct theories of personality that to this day, continue to be the foundations on which all modern psychological theories are built. All three of these remarkable men knew and worked with each other. When Adler and Jung praised Freud’s book on dream interpretation, they were invited to join Freud’s circle of peers, who met weekly at his home in Vienna, Austria (Engler, 2006). At these meetings they discussed new and groundbreaking aspects of psychopathology (Comer, 2008). Freud, Adler, and Jung are unequivocally the most influential figures in modern psychology (Comer, 2008). Freud’s concept of the id, the ego, and the superego, are the underlying factors that began all three schools of thought and that provide the foundations of modern psychology (Engler, 2006). Freud believed that the id had no contact with reality and worked on the pleasure principle and hedonistic wants, with no morality involved. The ego develops as children experience the demands and constraints of reality. It uses reasoning to make decisions. The superego is concerned with right and wrong, it is the moral compass, the conscience in each individual (Comer, 2008). Freud believed that people are unaware of the most important personality processes. Like an iceberg, only the small portion of the conscious mind is accessible and above the water. The preconscious, just out of reach, and the subconscious, deeply repressed, is below the water completely. These are the reason for most problems with behavior and the personality, according to Freud (Nystul, 2006). Freud also theorized that the personality was formed by early childhood experiences, called psychosexual stages (Engler, 2006). If a child’s basic needs are not being met during one of these stages, the child may become â€Å"fixated† or stuck in that stage. For example, if an adult smokes, he or she could be said to be â€Å"orally fixated. † According to Freud, infants at the oral stage use their mouths to explore their environment (Engler, 2006). Freud’s emphasis on sexuality is one of the main reasons why Adler and Jung disagreed with him. They thought that Freud put entirely too much emphasis on the libido and sexual energy in children. Freud and Adler met every Wednesday for eleven years (Comer, 2008). In 1911, Alder, along with eight colleagues, broke away from Freud’s circle to form the school of â€Å"Individual Psychology† (Engler, 2006). Adler’s theory differed from Freud’s in that it focuses on the person as a â€Å"whole. † The Adlerian term, individual psychology, refers to the human being as indivisible, as opposed to Freud’s view of an individual being, internally divided (Engler, 2006). For Adler, each aspect of the personality points in the same direction (Nystul, 2006). Adler saw how humans connect with one another, with family, with friends, with community, and with society as a whole. He believed that this interconnectedness is essential for an individual to develop and to thrive (Comer, 2008). Each person develops uniquely, according to acquired experiences, both past and present. The process starts at infancy, as children compare themselves to older children and adults, they experience feelings of inferiority (Engler, 2006). This is a normal reaction to the awareness of not being able to do as one pleases. These feelings motivate people to strive towards usefulness and to become contributing members of the family, the group, and the society at large (Nystul, 2006). Carl Gustav Jung, long an admirer of Freud, met him in Vienna, Austria in 1907, after Jung praised Freud’s book, â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† (Comer, 2008). At this historical meeting they talked for 13 hours (Nystul, 2006). Freud thought that Jung, twenty years his junior, was to become his heir apparent. In 1910, Jung did become the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association (Engler, 2006). However, in 1914, Jung broke away from Freud, primarily because he disagreed with Freud’s view of sexuality (Nystul, 2006). Using his own theories, he then began the school of â€Å"Analytical Psychology. â€Å"Jung’s theory of personality divides the psyche into three distinct parts: the ego, consisting of the conscious mind, the personal unconscious, which contains thoughts, memories, and experiences that are not presently conscious, but can be, and the collective unconscious (Nystul, 2006). The collective unconscious could be described as a â€Å"psychic inheritance† (Comer, 2008). It could also be a type of reservoir of the human experience as a species. Yet, the individual is never conscious of its presence (Feist, 1985). Jung’s â€Å"Archetypes of the Personality† evolve from the collective unconscious. These are the persona and its shadow, the female anima and male animus, and the self. Jung felt that until balance could be found within these archetypes in each individual, the complete realization of the self could not be achieved (Comer, 2008). The son of a pastor, Jung had a great interest in spirituality and its effects on the personality. His studies and knowledge of eastern philosophy, yoga, and meditation have certainly had an impact on his theories and have contributed greatly to today’s holistic approach to overall health (Nystul, 2006). Jung’s theories and writings have had a major impact on contemporary thought in many areas such as art, music, and literature (Douglas, 2005). Jung also coined the term â€Å"synchronicity,† which can be defined as â€Å"meaningful coincidences† occurring in everyday life (Engler, 2006). Jung claimed that there exists a synchrony between the mind and the phenomenal world of perception in each individual. For example, thoughts of an old friend fill one’s mind in the evening. The next morning, that particular friend calls, or news about them is received, out of the blue. However, no physical evidence has been found to support this idea (Strogatz, 2004). Although Freud, Adler, and Jung had their unique theoretical differences, they also shared many commonalities. For instance, they all utilized hypnosis and dream interpretation as therapeutic tools to treat their patients (Comer, 2008). They also all agreed on the importance of early life experiences and the existence of unconscious processes (Nystul, 2006). In the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, developed three distinct theories of personality that to this day continue  to be the foundations on which all modern psychological theories are built. In their day, these three men were on the cutting edge of the newest science of western civilization. If not for Freud, Alder, and Jung psychology would not have evolved into the field that it is today. ReferencesComer, Ronald, J. (2008). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology. (5th edition). New York, NY. Worth Publishers. Douglas, C. (2005). Current psychotherapies. (7th Edition). (pgs. 96-129). Itasca, Ill. F. E. Peacock. Engler, Barbara. (2006). Personality theories. (7th Edition). Boston, MA. Houghton, Mifflin Company. Feist, J. (1985). Theories of personality. New York, NY. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Nystul, Michael (2006). Introduction to counseling, an art and science perspective (3rd Edition). Boston, MA. Pearson, Allyn, & Bacon. Strogatz, Steven, H. (2004). SYNC: How order emerges from chaos in the universe, nature, and daily life. New York, NY. Hyperion. NOTE FROM AUTHOR: The only comments from my professor were about APA formatting, like margins, and double spacing the bibliography. No points were lost for this.

Co Teaching Is Like A Professional Marriage Because

A) First, complete this sentence with at least 4 ideas— â€Å"Co-teaching is like a professional marriage because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  1) Communication is vital in keeping a marriage and collaboration together. There has to be clear communication on both parties. Thoughts and ideas should be address. In doing this there needs to be face-to-face interaction. Both parties need to make good eye contact, face their partner and discuss their ideas or problems they are having. Just like in a good marriage communicate what are the responsibilities of each person. 2) Listen is another component of how marriage and collaboration go together. Everyone in the marriage and team needs to active listen to each other. This builds trust and shows your partner that you care and are interested in what they have to say. Some great strategies for active listening are to use reflection statements for instance; â€Å"paraphrase what the speaker said and responding to underlying feelings† (Tindall, 2000). 3) Co-teaching and a marriage have to display the same philosophy and values for any relationship to work. It is a give and take situation. There should be a great deal of respect for each other. Both people view each other as equal with the same attitude and expectations. 4) Finally co-teaching and a marriage shared the load, have fun, and problem solve together. 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